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Table of Contents | |
- CANCER
Following is an interesting study which shows a couple things. First,
seafood consumption and shellfish in particular, is a protector against thyroid
cancer. My guess is that this is the result of getting more ultratrace minerals.
Of greater interest is the fact that long-term use of multivitamins increases
thyroid cancer risk. I suspect that this is due to the depletion of trace
minerals by zinc, iron, and other normal metals found in these supplements. I am
working on a hypothesis that the trace mineral that is depleted that is most
important in thyroid cancer is cadmium. Cadmium seems to be important in immune
system function for killing tumor cells.
-
Ann Epidemiol 2002 Aug;12(6):395-401 |
|
Lifestyle and other risk factors for thyroid cancer in
Los Angeles County females.
Mack WJ, Preston-Martin S, Bernstein L, Qian D.
University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los
Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
PURPOSE AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based case-control study of
thyroid cancer. Cases were 292 women, aged 15-54 when diagnosed between the
years 1980 and 1983 (145 diagnosed in 1980-81 and 147 diagnosed in 1982-83).
Female neighborhood controls (n = 292) were matched to each case on
birth-year and race. RESULTS: Among women < 35 years, thyroid disease in
first-degree relatives increased thyroid cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) = 2.0,
95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-3.7]. Risk was not associated with fish
consumption, although high childhood consumption of shellfish decreased
thyroid cancer risk (OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.05-0.7 for consumption at
least a few times weekly). Among papillary thyroid cancers (82% of cases), frequent
adult consumption of saltwater fish decreased risk. Cancer risk was
reduced with consumption of certain vegetables, wine, and tea. Other dietary
variables, including milk, beer and hard liquor, and coffee were not related
to thyroid cancer risk. Among the papillary sample, risk increased with
longer use of multivitamins (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.2-7.4 for > 10 years of
use). Smoking and body mass were not associated with thyroid cancer
risk. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a role of family history of thyroid
disease and certain dietary variables in the etiology of thyroid cancer in
adult females.
-
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001 Sep;10(9):979-85 |
|
Iodine and thyroid cancer risk among women in a
multiethnic population: the Bay Area Thyroid Cancer Study.
Horn-Ross PL, Morris JS, Lee M, West DW, Whittemore AS, McDougall IR,
Nowels K, Stewart SL, Spate VL, Shiau AC, Krone MR.
Northern California Cancer Center, Union City, California 94587, USA.
phornros@nccc.org
Research on the relationship between iodine exposure and thyroid cancer risk
is limited, and the findings are inconclusive. In most studies,
fish/shellfish consumption has been used as a proxy measure of iodine
exposure. The present study extends this research by quantifying dietary
iodine exposure as well as incorporating a biomarker of long-term (1 year)
exposure, i.e., from toenail clippings. This study is conducted in a
multiethnic population with a wide variation in thyroid cancer incidence
rates and substantial diversity in exposure. Women, ages 20-74, residing in
the San Francisco Bay Area and diagnosed with thyroid cancer between 1995
and 1998 (1992-1998 for Asian women) were compared with women selected from
the general population via random digit dialing. Interviews were conducted
in six languages with 608 cases and 558 controls. The established risk
factors for thyroid cancer were found to increase risk in this population:
radiation to the head/neck [odds ratio (OR), 2.3; 95% confidence interval
(CI), 0.97-5.5]; history of goiter/nodules (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.5-5.6); and a
family history of proliferative thyroid disease (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.6-3.8).
Contrary to our hypothesis, increased dietary iodine, most likely related to
the use of multivitamin pills, was associated with a reduced risk of
papillary thyroid cancer. This risk reduction was observed in
"low-risk" women (i.e., women without any of the three established
risk factors noted above; OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33-0.85) but not in
"high-risk" women, among whom a slight elevation in risk was seen
(OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.56-3.4). However, no association with risk was observed
in either group when the biomarker of exposure was evaluated. In addition,
no ethnic differences in risk were observed. The authors conclude that
iodine exposure appears to have, at most, a weak effect on the risk of
papillary thyroid cancer.
Title
Dietary
iodine deficiency as a tumor promoter and carcinogen in male F344/NCr rats.
Author
Ohshima M;
Ward JM
Source
Cancer Res,
46(2):877-83 1986 Feb
Abstract
Groups of 6-wk-old male F344/NCr rats received a single i.v. injection of
either vehicle or N-nitrosomethylurea (Cas: 684-93-5) (MNU) at a dose of 41.2
mg/kg body weight. Two wk later, groups of rats were placed on iodine-deficient,
iodine-adequate, or commercial (Wayne Lab Blox) diets, or one of these diets and
without previous MNU injection. Animals were sacrificed at either 52 or 77 wk,
or when they became moribund. Carcinogen-treated rats on the iodine-deficient
diet for up to 52 wk had significantly increased thyroid gland weights and
increased incidences of both thyroid follicular cell carcinoma (90%) and diffuse
pituitary thyrotroph hyperplasia (90%) at 52 wk. The majority of the follicular
carcinomas were transplantable and invasive into the mammary fat pad of weanling
F344/NCr rats. No other tumors induced by MNU were affected by the
iodine-deficient diets. Rats fed the iodine-deficient diet without MNU injection
had a 40% incidence of thyroid follicular adenomas at 52 wk and 60% at 77 wk,
and a 10% incidence of follicular carcinomas at 77 wk. Thus this experiment
provided evidence that the iodine-deficient diet is a potent promoter of thyroid
tumors initiated by MNU and carcinogenic by itself. In addition, pituitary
tumors were found in 29 of the 58 rats treated with the carcinogen alone,
compared to only 3 of the 20 rats in the control groups. The vast majority of
these pituitary tumors contained prolactin that was demonstrable by the avidin:biotin:peroxidase
complex immunocytochemical technique.
-
Adv Exp Med Biol 1999;472:29-42 |
t |
Nutritional factors in human cancers.
Giovannucci E
Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
A variety of external factors interacting with genetic susceptibility
influence the carcinogenesis process. External factors including oxidative
compounds, electrophilic agents, and chronic infections may enhance genetic
damage. In addition, various hormonal factors which influence growth and
differentiation are critically important in the carcinogenic process. Diet
and nutrition can influence these processes directly in the gastrointestinal
tract by providing bioactive compounds to specific tissues via the
circulatory system, or by modulating hormone levels. Differences in certain
dietary patterns among populations explain a substantial proportion of
cancers of the colon, prostate and breast. These malignancies are largely
influenced by a combination of factors related to diet and nutrition. Their
causes are multifactorial and complex, but a major influence is the
widespread availability of energy-dense, highly processed and refined foods
that are also deplete in fiber. These dietary patterns in combination with
physical inactivity contribute to obesity and metabolic consequences such as
increased levels of IGF-1, insulin, estrogen, and possibly testosterone.
These hormones tend to promote cellular growth. For prostate cancer,
epidemiologic studies consistently show a positive association with high
consumption of milk, dairy products, and meats. These dietary factors tend
to decrease 1.25(OH)2 vitamin D, a cell differentiator, and low levels of
this hormone may enhance prostate carcinogenesis. While the nutritional
modulation of growth-enhancing and differentiating hormones is likely to
contribute to the high prevalence of breast, colorectal, prostate, and
several other cancers in the Western world, these cancers are relatively
rare in less economically developed countries, where malignancies of the
upper gastrointestinal tract are quite common. The major causes of upper
gastrointestinal tract cancers are likely related to various food practices
or preservation methods other than refrigeration, which increase mucosal
exposure to irritants or carcinogens.
J Epidemiol 1996 Sep;6(3):140-7
Risk factors of thyroid cancer among women in Tokai, Japan.
Takezaki T, Hirose K, Inoue M, Hamajima N, Kuroishi T, Nakamura S, Koshikawa
T, Matsuura H, Tajima K
Division of Epidemiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya,
Japan.
To analyze the risk factors of thyroid cancer among Japanese women who
generally consume much more iodine than Europeans, we conducted a hospital-based
case-referent study at Aichi Cancer Center Hospital (ACCH) in Nagoya, Japan.
Ninety-four female patients aged between 20-79 years with papillary or
follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, and 22,666 female outpatients without
cancer were used. Past history of benign thyroid mass or goiter (odds ratio: OR
= 13.9) and hyperthyroidism (OR = 5.0) showed increased ORs of thyroid cancer.
Thyroid cancer cases consumed coffee less frequently (OR = 0.5) and had had more
experience of delivery than referents (> or = 3 times; OR = 2.5). Western
style breakfast (OR = 0.5) also decreased the OR. For the multivariate analysis,
past history of thyroid diseases (OR = 4.3) was positively associated with the
risk of thyroid cancer and everyday coffee consumption (OR = 0.6) tended to
decrease the risk. These results suggest that thyroid hormone-related factors
may be involved in the risk of thyroid cancer in Japan, too. To clarify the risk
involved in Japanese food, another comparative study including detailed
information on iodine intake between countries and individuals is required.
PMID: 8952218, UI: 97109983
Soy, tea, and cancer benefits
From: Science News, April 29, 2000
Soy-rich diets appear to help fight certain cancers. Tea
drinking has been linked to similar benefits. Two studies now find that the
combo offers a potent double whammy against cancer of the breast and prostate-at
least in mice.
Jin-Rong Zhou and his colleagues at Harvard Medical School in
Boston injected a million breast cancer or prostate cancer cells into mice
engineered to possess weak immune systems. Two weeks earlier, they had replaced
the drinking water of some animals with green or black tea. Others received chow
laced with isoflavones, soy's biologically active antioxidants. Two groups of
mice got both the mix of isoflavones and one or the other tea. Some just ate
their normal diet.
Two months after implantation of the cancer cells, the
researchers surveyed for tumors and found that all the experimental diets had
conferred some benefit. Compared with animals on the normal diet, mice given
isoflavones or tea had 25 to 50 percent fewer tumors, and their tumors weighed
15 to 25 percent less. However, benefits from pairing tea and isoflavones
equaled or exceeded the sum of either alone--a reduction of between 72 and 87.5
percent in tumor number and a similarly large decrease in each tumor's size. -JR.
Hormones And Breast Cancer
Some hormone replacement may give women more than they bargained
for. A study published in the journal Cancer finds that a
combination estrogen-progestin therapy may more than double the
risk of a kind of breast cancer in some women. Researchers from
the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle looked at
537 women aged 50 or older who had breast cancer from 1988 to
1990 and 492 women who did not have the disease. They found that
those women who had taken combination hormone replacement for at
least six months had a 2.6 times higher incidence of lobular
breast cancer (cancer of the milk-producing lobules of the
breast) compared to women who had not taken hormone replacement.
Most of the women in the study who took hormone replacement had
taken it for an average of four years. The researchers say more
study is needed to confirm their results and determine whether
some women may have characteristics that make them more
susceptible to this form of breast cancer. Their findings come
following earlier studies that also suggest an increased risk of
breast cancer from combination hormone replacement therapy, but
not from estrogen-only therapy, The Associated Press reports.
Studies also have suggested that cases of lobular breast cancer
are on the rise in the United States, the AP says.
Women With Thyroid Cancer at Increased Risk for
Breast Cancer
by Mary
J. Shomon 9-29-00
According to a retrospective study conducted at the University of Texas
MD Anderson Cancer Center, younger women with thyroid cancer have an
increased risk of developing breast cancer later in life. The study
establishes a relationship between the post-surgical use of radioactive
iodine (RAI) I31I treatments for thyroid cancer, and later development
of breast cancer.
The authors of the study, "The Development of Breast Cancer in
Women with Thyroid Cancer," are all from the The University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX. Their findings are being
presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of
Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery Foundation Annual Meeting in
Washington, D.C.
Using the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and
End Results (SEER) database, the researchers found that young women
(30-34 years) with thyroid cancer exhibited the greatest risk of
developing breast cancer. Women who were between the ages of 40 and 44
at initial diagnosis of thyroid cancer were also at significantly
elevated risk. The data suggested that the greatest risk appears 15-20
years after the thyroid cancer.
The study concluded that premenopausal adult Caucasian women who are
treated for differentiated thyroid cancer are at increased risk to
develop breast cancer five to 20 years later. Breast cancer, however,
does not increase the risk of subsequent thyroid cancer. This finding
suggests that the increased risk of breast cancer after thyroid cancer
is related to the thyroid cancer treatment. In particular, the RAI
treatment is suspected to be the agent involved in increasing the cancer
risk.
The authors' recommendation is for regular follow-up of all women
patients with thyroid cancer and "judicious use of radioactive
iodine as a treatment regimen."
Important Issues for Thyroid Patients
If you are a female thyroid cancer patient, or Graves'/hyperthyroidism
patient who has undergone RAI, you should pay particular attention to
preventive factors for breast cancer, including diet, exercise, and
healthy body weight. You should incorporate some form of regular
screening - i.e., monthly
breast self-exams, regular professional breast examinations, and/or
mammograms - into your health care.
Another key question that this important finding raises is whether or
not the use of RAI to treat hyperthyroidism and Graves' disease puts
women at an equally increased risk of breast cancer. Given that
researchers are suggesting that the RAI is the factor that is the likely
cause of the subsequent breast cancer, this is a critical question that
must be examined soon, for the sake of Graves' and hyperthyroidism
patients. RAI is the most common treatment recommended for
hyperthyroidism and Graves' disease in the United States, but less
common in Europe, where surgery is typically preferred.
The following study may offer some clues about the nutrient
relationships that lead to breast cancer. However, it will probably take time to
see how this fits in with other information.
Low Bone Mineral Density Associated With Decreased Risk of Breast Cancer
WESTPORT, CT (Reuters Health) Apr 12 - Women in the lowest quartile for
bone mineral density (BMD) appear to have the lowest risk of breast
cancer, based on an analysis of data from the Fracture Intervention
Trial (FIT). According to lead investigator Dr. Diane S. M. Buist, this
is the largest such study to date in terms of number of people evaluated
and age distribution.
In 1992 and 1993, 8203 women ages 54 to 80 underwent dual-energy
X-ray absorptiometry to measure total hip BMD, Dr. Buist, of the Center
for Health Studies in Seattle, and associates report in the April issue
of the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. After linking the
records of these subjects to tumor registries, the researchers
identified 131 incident cases of breast cancer.
Relative to subjects in the lowest quartile of BMD, women in
quartiles two through four had relative risks of breast cancer of 1.9,
1.5, and 1.8, respectively, after adjusting for age and geographic area.
"Where previous studies showed an increase in cancer risk with
increased BMD, these data actually lend themselves better to a different
interpretation," Dr. Buist told Reuters Health. "Especially
since we did not see a dose-response relationship, this study seems to
indicate that the 25% with the lowest BMD are at reduced risk of breast
cancer," she said.
The investigators note in their paper that BMD represents "a
composite measure of exposure to many different factors throughout ones
lifetime," and that an exploration of these factors may point to an
explanation for the association between BMD and breast cancer.
"We are not making any clinical recommendation for BMD being
used as a screening mechanism for breast cancer," Dr. Buist
stressed. "What we do know is that BMD has some intriguing
relationships with breast cancer."
J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54:417-422.
|
-
Rev Environ Health 2000 Jul-Sep;15(3):337-58 |
|
Association between malignant tumors of the thyroid gland
and exposure to environmental protective and risk factors.
Frentzel-Beyme R, Helmert U.
Department for Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Bremen Institute
for Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Germany. beyme@bips.uni-bremen.de
Risk factors for thyroid carcinomas and adenomas were investigated using a
standard questionnaire in a case-control study in Southwestern Germany, a
known iodine deficiency area. A clinical registry, set up after the
Chernobyl accident at the University hospital Mannheim, served as the basis
for 174 incident cases of each diagnostic group. Interview data were
compared within and with prevalences from a population-based matched control
group of equal size from the entire area. The protective role of coffee
drinking and the consumption of cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli,
were confirmed for both genders. A high consumption of tomatoes (>
200/year) was associated with an elevated risk of > 2.5 for malignant
tumors but not for benign tumors in both genders. In both genders, both
treatment for goiter (hyperthyroidism) and decaffeinated coffee consumption
were associated with an increased risk for malignant tumors, but less so for
adenomas. In women, early menarche (< 13 years) and stillbirth after
first pregnancy, as well as hysterectomy, were substantial risk factors.
Occupational variables and radiation, including medical indications and
mammography, did not reveal particular risks. We did not address the role of
regular iodine substitution, but did analyze the consumption of freshwater
fish and seafood. Multivariate analyses of the most prominent risk factors
confirmed the persistence of tomato consumption as a risk factor. In view of
experimental evidence on the carcinogenicity of organophosphates and the
neurotoxicant effect of certain agrochemicals on neuroendocrinologically
regulated organs, we postulate that in Germany, importing off-season
tomatoes from areas with a known history of possible inexperienced use of
agrochemicals may be associated with a promoting effect for malignant
neoplasias of the thyroid gland in terms of promoting already existent
proliferating tissue growth.
-
Adv Clin Path 2000 Jan;4(1):11-7 |
|
Role of iodine in evolution and carcinogenesis of
thyroid, breast and stomach.
Venturi S, Donati FM, Venturi A, Venturi M, Grossi L, Guidi A.
Servizio di Igiene, Regione Marche, 1-61016-Pennabilli, Italy. venturis@nf.infotel.it.
The authors have hypothesized that dietary iodine (deficiency or excess) is
associated with the development of some gastric and mammary cancers, as it
is well-known for thyroid cancer. They report a short review of their own
work and of the general literature on this correlation and on the
antioxidant function of iodide in stomach, breast and thyroid. Thyroid cells
phylogenetically derived from primitive iodide-concentrating gastroenteric
cells which, during evolution, migrated and specialized in uptake and
storage of iodine, also in order to adapt the organisms from iodine-rich sea
to iodine-deficient land. Mammary cells also derived from primitive
iodide-concentrating ectoderm. Stomach, breast and thyroid share an
important iodide-concentrating ability and an efficient peroxidase activity,
which transfers electrons from iodides to the oxygen of hydrogen peroxide
and so protects the cells from damage caused by lipid peroxidation. The
authors suggest that iodide might have an ancestral antioxidant function in
all iodide-concentrating cells from primitive Algae to more recent
Vertebrates. In Italy, gastric cancer is more frequent in farmers and in
iodine-deficient populations, living in mountainous and hilly areas, than in
fishermen. In the last two decades, Italian decrease of gastric cancer seems
to be correlated more to the higher dietary consumption of iodine-rich fish
rather than to consumption of fruit and vegetables, which indeed has
decreased in Italy.
-
-
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000 Apr;85(4):1513-7 |
The changing incidence and spectrum of thyroid carcinoma
in Tasmania (1978-1998) during a transition from iodine sufficiency to
iodine deficiency.
Burgess JR, Dwyer T, McArdle K, Tucker P, Shugg D.
Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Services, Royal Hobart Hospital,
Australia. jburges@postoffice.utas.edu.au
Exposure to ionizing radiation, changing levels of iodine nutrition, and
increased pathologic diagnosis of clinically unimportant thyroid neoplasia
have all been proposed as explanations for a worldwide rise in the incidence
of thyroid carcinoma (TC) over the past 6 decades. Tasmania is
geographically an area of endemic iodine deficiency. In this report, we
describe the spectrum of TC in a population averaging 450,000 persons during
a 21-yr period that spans the communities transition from iodine sufficiency
to iodine deficiency after discontinuation of universal iodine prophylaxis
in the mid 1980s. The Tasmanian Cancer Register was used to ascertain all
cases of TC diagnosed in Tasmania between 1978 and 1998. Histopathological
and demographic data were reviewed. A total of 289 cases of TC were
identified. Papillary TC (PTC), follicular TC, medullary TC, and other
species accounted for 62%, 23%, 4%, and 11% of cases, respectively. The age
standardized incidence rate for total TC increased from 2.45 to 5.33 per
100,000 for females and 0.75 to 1.76 per 100,000 for males between 1978 and
1984 and 1992 and 1998, respectively. A rise in the incidence of PTC by
4.5-fold (P < 0.05) in females and 2.1-fold in males (not significant)
was the dominant change over this period. In parallel, the proportion of
follicular TC relative to PTC fell from 0.35 to 0.17 during these years (P
< 0.05). The rise in PTC incidence was, in part, due to an increase in
the occurrence of tumors 1cm or less in diameter. Nonetheless, a 3-fold rise
in incidence of larger lesions was also observed during the study period.
Forty-three (24%) PTC cases had multifocal disease, 17 (40%) of whom had
bilateral tumors. Familial (autosomal dominant) PTC was identified in nine
(5%) total PTC cases. Prior studies have linked iodine prophylaxis to a rise
in the proportion of differentiated TC, particularly PTC. Our data suggest a
complex relationship between iodine nutrition and thyroid tumorigenesis.
Factors such as a long latency between changes in iodine nutrition and
thyroid tumorigenesis, a dose threshold for the effect of iodine nutrition
on thyroid tumorigenesis, and an interaction between iodine nutrition and
thyroidal sensitivity to ionizing radiation may all play a role.
PROSTATE CANCER
Email from the wife of a man with prostate cancer:
Yesterday we went to Lahey Clinic and my husband had all kinds of tests.
They said
he was deficient in magnesium and he had another hormone shot. He has lost
20 pounds is tired all the time and looks swollen and coloring is on the
yellowish side. They are supposed to put the radiation seeds in September.
I'm worried as he looks worse since the treatments began than he did before.
What does it mean to be low in magnesium?
John:
Generally low magnesium is the result of low copper. Copper works with magnesium while zinc (the partner of copper) works with calcium (the partner of magnesium). Basically if magnesium is low, copper is relatively low, calcium and zinc are relatively high.
Low copper will cause an increase in heart rate, panic attacks, and the loss of weight from an increase in thyroid hormones. Solgar makes a 2.5 mg. copper supplement and it sounds like it would be a good idea for Jim to take 2 to 4 of these a day.
One cause of a yellowish coloring is low T3 (the thyroid hormone that the cells use). What happens is that the conversion of beta carotene is driven by T3, so this conversion decreases and the beta carotene builds up in the skin.
Generally this yellowish coloring indicates that T4 (the hormone the thyroid gland makes) isn't being converted to T3 (the hormone the cells use). This T4 to T3 conversion requires a deiodinase enzyme which cuts one of the four iodine atoms off the T4 to make the T3 which has three iodine atoms.
This deiodinase enzyme contains the element selenium, so having adequate selenium in the body is an absolute necessity for converting T4 to T3. Low selenium is also the primary cause of prostate cancer. What is happening in prostate cancer is that the deficiency of selenium causes the prostate to enlarge so that it can filter more blood to get the scarce selenium that it needs.
While doctors think that this enlargement is something to destroy with radiation or surgery, I consider this enlargement the body's attempt to deal with the selenium deficiency. The correct strategy is to provide selenium to the body in the form of a supplement so that the prostate can resume normal functions and reabsorb the excess tissue that it has built up. Generally 400 mcg of a yeast-based selenium is a good supplemental amount, but if I were in that situation I'd take more, perhaps up to 800-1000 mcg per day until the situation resolved. Toxicity for selenium typically begins at 1400 mcg daily for an extended period, and the body may be able to tolerate more without toxic effects if there is good availability of the other nutrients that work with selenium, such as vitamin E (400-800 IU per day is good) and copper.
While radiation, drugs, and surgery are the current medical treatments for prostate cancer, it is my strong belief that cancer is a nutritional deficiency disease and that these treatments are entirely inappropriate and damaging. Standard medical treatment will severely damage the health of the person and does nothing to correct the real problem, which is starvation of essential nutrients. Everyone would laugh if radiation, drugs, and surgery were the standard treatments for scurvy, which is a vitamin C deficiency disease, and that is exactly what people in the future will do when they look back at how the medical professionals of the 21st century were so incredibly ignorant about the nutritional deficiencies which cause cancer.
From Dr. Mercola at mercola.com (March 2, 2002):
Hormone Replacement Therapy Linked to
Breast Cancer
Adding to evidence that hormone
replacement therapy (HRT) can potentially raise a woman's risk of breast cancer,
a new US study links recent, long-term HRT with a heightened risk of the
disease.
Researchers found that HRT with
estrogen alone or estrogen-plus-progestin was associated with a 70%
increase in breast cancer risk when the therapy was taken for 5 years
within the 6 years preceding the cancer diagnosis.
The findings build on previous
research showing a link between long-term HRT and breast cancer and help clear
up the question of whether combination HRT and estrogen-only HRT carry similar
risks.
In addition, the study of about
1,300 women found that HRT use had a particular link to lobular breast cancer,
the form of the disease that begins in the breast's lobules. It is far less
common than ductal breast cancer, which begins in the milk ducts.
Women who were recent,
long-time users of HRT faced a three-fold risk of lobular cancer compared with
women who never used HRT.
These women also had about a 50%
increase in the risk of ductal cancer.
JAMA February 13,
2002;287:734-741
DR. MERCOLA'S COMMENT:
After all these years of
estrogen hype it is becoming more and more clear to traditional medicine that
the benefits of estrogen don't outweigh the risks.
Estrogen has long been proven to
not help with heart
disease nor prevent Alzheimer's.
So that leaves us with
osteoporosis and hot flash relief.
It has been my experience that black
cohosh works far more effectively for hot flash relief.
So that leaves us with
osteoporosis. Well, a
study published less than a year ago in JAMA showed that estrogen was not
helpful to prevent against hip fractures.
Fortunately one can take vitamin
D, K, omega three fats and plenty of vegetables and exercise to address
osteoporosis.
One can only logically conclude
that there is no reason for a woman to take hormone replacement therapy, unless
her ovaries have been removed or she is interested in getting breast cancer.
It is important to make a
distinction between women who have had their ovaries removed and those that have
not. Those that have will likely benefit from low dose natural human estrogen
replacement while those who still have ovaries will likely not.
- The following article suggests that cancer might be caused by
deficiencies of certain metals.
-
Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994;47(1):1-16 |
|
Complexes of metals other than platinum as antitumour
agents.
Kopf-Maier P.
Institut fur Anatomie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany.
The earliest reports on the therapeutic use of metals or metal-containing
compounds in cancer and leukemia date from the sixteenth and nineteenth
centuries. They were forgotten until the 1960s, when the anti-tumour
activity of the inorganic complex cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin)
was discovered. This led to the development of other types of non-organic
cytostatic drugs. Cisplatin has developed into one of the most frequently
used and most effective cytostatic drugs for the treatment of solid
carcinomas. Numerous other metal compounds containing platinum, other
platinum metals, and even non-platinum metals were then shown to be
effective against tumours in man and experimental tumours in animals. These
compounds comprise main-group metallic compounds of gallium, germanium, tin,
and bismuth, early-transition metal complexes of titanium, vanadium,
niobium, molybdenum, and rhenium, and late-transition metal complexes of
ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, copper, and gold. Several platnium
complexes and four non-platnium-metal antitumour agents have so far entered
early clinical trials. Gallium trinitrate and spirogermanium have already
passed phase II clinical studies and have shown limited cytostatic activity
against certain human carcinomas and lymphomas. The two early-transition
metal complexes budotitane and titanocene dichloride have just reached the
end of phase I clinical trials and have been found to have an unusual
pattern of organ toxicity in man. Titanocene dichloride will soon enter
phase II clinical studies.
Cancer nutrition information
Great info (JJ)
http://www.healthy.net/library/articles/quillin/technica.asp
©
1994 Patrick Quillin, Ph.D., R.D.
This
chapter is provided for the person who enjoys knowing more of the intimate
details on how nutrition interrupts the cancer process. This section is to be
considered more exemplary rather than comprehensive. If I included all the data
in this field, then this book would be unwieldy. These references provide a
scientific foothold upon which to recommend nutrition therapy in conjunction
with traditional oncology care. For more information, see:
Books:
Non-Technical
CANCER THERAPY, by Ralph
Moss, PhD
CANCER AND ITS NUTRITIONAL THERAPIES, by Richard Passwater, PhD
BEATING THE ODDS, by Albert Marchetti, MD
WHAT YOUR DOCTOR WON'T TELL YOU, by Jane Heimlich
VITAMINS AGAINST CANCER, by Kedar Prasad, PhD
HOW TO FIGHT CANCER AND WIN, by William Fischer
Technical
ADJUVANT NUTRITION IN
CANCER TREATMENT, by Patrick Quillin, PhD,RD
VITAMINS AND CANCER by Frank Meyskens, MD
VITAMINS AND MINERALS IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CANCER by Maryce
Jacobs, PhD
MODULATION AND MEDIATION OF CANCER BY VITAMINS, by Frank Meyskens, MD
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS IN CARCINOGENESIS, by Lionel Poirier
Purpose of Using Adjuvant
Nutrition in Cancer Treatment
1. Preventing malnutrition.
Cancer is a serious wasting disease, elevating basal metabolism, altering bio-energetics,
and oftentimes inducing anorexia. The net effect is that 40% or more of cancer
patients actually die from malnutrition, not from the cancer.1 The
American College of Physicians issued a position paper in 1989
stating:"...the evidence suggests that parenteral nutritional support [in
cancer treatment] was associated with net harm, and no conditions could be
defined in which such treatment appeared to be of benefit."2
This "meta-analysis" of the literature specifically excluded cancer
patients who were malnourished. Nutrition support is meant to relieve
malnutrition, not cure cancer. Extensive chemotherapy or radiation therapy are,
in themselves, sufficient stressors to induce catabolic malnutrition.3
Additionally, standard Intensive Care Unit parenteral formulas may be
inappropriate for cancer patients since high glucose solutions may feed tumor
growth.
2. Bolstering immune functions. From textbooks4 to extensive
reviews of the literature5, it has been clearly demonstrated that a
strong link exists between nutrient intake and the quality and quantity of human
immune factors. Researchers provided 30 milligrams of beta carotene (or 50,000
iu, which is 10 times the Recommended Dietary Allowance of vitamin A), to
healthy older adult volunteers with a dose dependent increase in natural killer
cell activity (NK) and interleukin-2 receptors.6 Similar results have
been found with vitamin E, B-6, C, and zinc.
3. Nutrients as biological response modifiers.
Immune modulation
cleave immune complexes: i.e. proteolytic enzymes
improve quantity: via precursors for immune cytotoxic activity, nitric oxide
from arginine for enhanced chemotaxis; increase NK, TNF, total lymphocytes via
beta carotene, vitamin A, C, E, B-6 etc.
improve quality: via increase in tumor recognition using enzymes or emulsified
vitamin A
reduce antigens: via oligoantigenic diet
thymotropic: via arginine supplements and thymus gland extract
immune sparing: antioxidants that lower turnover in cell mediated immunity or an
increase in circulation of immune factors, i.e. vitamin E protects lymphocytes
from oxidative damage in chemotaxis
Alter genetic expression
down regulate oncogene: i.e. soybean protease inhibitors alter c-myc oncogene
genetic repair: increase DNA polymerase activity and decrease in base pair
fragility via zinc & folate
inhibit episome production: via vitamin D
directly affect gene receptors: i.e. vit. A
Alter cell membrane dynamics
K to Na ratio: may alter membrane permeability & thus flow of oxygen &
nutrients into & out of cell (an anaerobic environment is more conducive to
tumor cell mitosis)
dietary fat intake: affects lipid bi-layer content in cell membrane, thus
membrane dynamics & oxygenation
prostaglandin metabolism: macronutrients influence hormones which influence
prostaglandin branch points, which can affect aggregation and adhesiveness of
cell membranes, thus metastatic potential of tumor
Influence detoxification
urinary output: fluid intake & diuretics (e.g. coffee & alcohol)
fecal excretion: fluid and fiber intake coupled with nutrients that encourage
peristalsis
cytochrome P450
endogenous biosynthesis of detoxification enzymes: catalase, SOD, GSH through
selenium and vitamin E
immune stimulation: encourages detox
low temperature saunas encourage excretion of toxins via skin pores
respiratory quotient indicates efficiency of oxidative respiration, which can be
retarded by heavy metal toxicity
Alter acid/base balance
all foods influence pH. Tumor cells thrive in acidosis.
alkalizing diet (high in most plant food items) encourages detox of heavy metals
Cell/cell communication
gap cell junctions for ionic communication between cells and nucleus, i.e.
vitamin A may be able to revert abnormal DNA back to normal DNA (prodifferentiation
or cytodifferentiation) and cell content via gap cell junction
Prostaglandin synthesis
affected by macronutrient intake and serum insulin levels
immune modulation: PGE-1 vs PGE-2, via eicosapentaenoic acid or gamma linolenic
acid
membrane aggregability and metastasis are heavily influenced by prostaglandin
metabolism
estrogen binders: PGE-1 increases endogenous biosynthesis of circulating
estrogen receptors, PGE-1 probably also helps with androgen-driven prostatic
cancer
Affect steroid hormone activity
fat from diet and body influence estrogen output
phytoestrogens in diet (i.e. soybeans): may retard hormone-driven cancer lignans
(from plant food) can provide estrogen binders or analogs to educe estrogen
activation of tumors
Alter polyamine synthesis
polyamines can accelerate cancer growth, while B-6 creates polyamine complexes
and accelerates their excretion
Bioenergetics
selective starve tumors by:
depriving anaerobic and fermenting tumors of their preferential substrate,
glucose
altering mitochondrial membranes of tumor, such as with Vitamin C
employ nutrients that encourage aerobic metabolism: CoQ, chromium, niacin,
riboflavin, polyunsaturated fats, exercise
Pro & antioxidants
therapeutic levels of antioxidants: protect healthy tissue from free radical
destruction of chemotherapy & radiation therapy.(i.e. vitamin E, C,
beta-carotene, selenium)
certain form and dose of pro-oxidants (i.e. non-heme iron): can accelerate
tissue destruction and is sequestered by tumor & pathogens
Anti-proliferative agents
selective toxins for anti-neoplastic activity: i.e. garlic and other minor
dietary constituents in plant food
homeostatic mechanism for down regulation of growth: possible role for selenium
anti-angiogenesis factor (hyaluronic acid or other proteins in cartilage, ie.
shark cartilage and bovine tracchea)
Influence cell differentiation
retinoids, vitamin D, enzymes
The Protective Action of Vitamins
Against Cancer Include:7
- preventing the formation of carcinogens
- increasing detoxification
- inhibiting transformed cell replication
- controlling expression of malignancy
- controlling differentiation processes
- enhancing cell to cell communication
A Sampling of Cancer Antagonists Found in
Varoius Foods (With Active Ingredient in Parentheses)8
inhibitors of covalent DNA binding
broccoli & cabbage (phenethyl
isothiocyanate)
fruits, nuts, berries, seeds, and vegetables (ellagic acid)
fruits & vegetables (flavonoids in polyphenolic acid)
inhibitors of tumor promotion
orange & yellow
fruits & vegetables (retinol)
nuts & wheat germ (vitamin E)
fruits & vegetables (vitamin C)
green, orange, & yellow fruits and vegetables (beta-carotene)
garlic & onions (organosulfur compounds, reduce the formation of
organosoluble metabolites and increase the formation of water soluble
metabolites which are easier to excrete)
curry/tumeric (curcumin)
chili peppers (capsaicin, a vanillyl alkaloid)
inducing biotransformation
cabbage, brussel sprouts,
spinach, cauliflower and broccoli (indole-3-carbinol)
seafood & garlic (selenium)
reducing the absorption of carcinogens
fruits, vegetables,
grains & nuts (fiber)
fruits & vegetables (riboflavin chlorophyllin)
Nutrients can Reverse Pre-Malignant Lesions
Vitamin
C and beta-carotene are effective at reversing cervical dysplasia and oral
leukoplakia in humans.9
Vitamin A derivatives (retinoids) reverse bronchial metaplasia in humans.10
Combination of folate and vitamin B-12 reversed bronchial metaplasia in humans.11
Injections of vitamin E, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin (a carotenoid) and algae
extract dramatically bolstered levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and
reversed hamster buccal pouch tumors.12
58 adults with familial adenomatous polyps (near 100% progression to cancer if
untreated) were entered into a randomized study providing high dose vitamin C
with E and high fiber, or placebo plus low fiber diet. The high fiber group
experienced a limited degree of polyp regression.13
Nutrients can Inhibit Carcinogenesis
Beta-carotene,
vitamin A, C, E reduce the risk of cancer by radiation and chemical carcinogen
exposure. Vitamins A, D, and E inhibit the expression of oncogenes.14
Calcium supplements (2000 mg/day) provided a marked suppression of rectal
proliferation in experimental but not placebo patients. Calcium seems to
markedly inhibit the early stages of colon cancer in genetically vulnerable
individuals.15
Taking vitamin supplements was protective against colo-rectal cancer in a large
Australian study.16
The former medical director of Sloan Kettering cancer hospital in New York
(Robert Good, MD, DSc) has found that many nutrients modulate immune functions
and can protect against cancer.17
An extensive book by a former National Cancer Institute oncologist, Dr. Charles
Simone, shows the potency of nutrients to prevent cancer.18
Professors at Harvard University have published considerable evidence in the
prestigious New England Journal of Medicine showing that 90% of all
cancer is environmentally caused and therefore preventable. They cite our 500%
higher incidence of breast cancer as being related to diet. They highlight fat,
selenium, vitamin A, C, E, and fiber and prime proven nutrition cancer
preventers.19
Common Malnutrition in Cancer Patients (and
Intervention with Total Parenteral Nutrition, TPN)
A
theory has persisted for decades that one could starve the tumor out of the
host. Unfortunately, the tumor is quite resistant to starvation. Most studies
find more harm to the host than the tumor in either selective or blanket
nutrient deficiencies.23 Protein restriction does not affect the
composition or growth rate of the tumor, but does restrict host growth rate.24
Folate deprivation allowed the tumor to grow anyway.25 In starved
animals, the tumors grew more rapidly than in fed animals, indicating the
parasitic tenacity of tumors in the host.26 In animal studies,
starving the host led to continued tumor growth and wasting of host tissue.27
Overall, the research shows that starvation provokes host wasting while tumor
growth continues unabated.28 Pure malnutrition (cachexia) is
responsible for at least 22% and up to 67% of all cancer deaths. While the
average "healthy" American is sub-clinically malnourished, the average
cancer patient is clinically malnourished. Malnutrition is extremely common in
the cancer patient.
Of the 139 lung cancer patients studied, most tested deficient in vitamin C or
scorbutic (clinical vitamin C deficiency).29
Another study of cancer patients found that 46% tested scorbutic while 76% were
below acceptable levels for serum ascorbate.30
Experts now recommend the value of nutritional supplements, especially in
patients who require prolonged TPN support.31
Interleukin-2 therapy induced malnutrition in up to 90% of 20 patients tested.
The authors recommend prophylactic nutritional supplements to stem the immune
suppression from this iatrogenic malnutrition.32
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) are not designed for cancer patients.
Supplements of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients can benefit the cancer
patients.33
Progressive weight loss is common in cancer patients and is a major source of
morbidity and mortality.34
Wasting of tissue occurs in hypermetabolic states, most commonly for injury
patients and end-stage cancer.35
Chemo and radiation therapy are sufficient stressors in themselves to induce
malnutrition.36
Up to 80% of all cancer patients have reduced levels of serum albumin (a leading
indicator of protein/calorie malnutrition).37
There is some evidence that tumors are not as flexible in using substrates other
than glucose for fuel, hence a low carbohydrate TPN formula may have
antineoplastic value.38 A recently published position paper from the
American College of Physicians basically stated that TPN had no effect on the
outcome of cancer patients.39 Unfortunately, this article selected
non-malnourished patients. TPN treats malnutrition, not cancer.40
Weight loss drastically increases the mortality rate for most types of cancer,
while also lowering the response to chemotherapy.41
TPN improves tolerance to chemotherapeutic agents and immune responses.42
Of 28 children with advanced malignant disease, 18 received TPN for 28 days with
resultant improvements in weight gain, increased serum albumin, and transferrin
with major immunological benefits. In comparing cancer patients on TPN versus
those trying to nourish themselves by oral intake of food, TPN provided major
improvements in calorie, protein, and nutrient intake but did not encourage
tumor growth.
27 malnourished cancer patients were provide TPN and had a mortality rate of
11%, while the non-TPN group had a 100% mortality rate.43
Pre-operative TPN in patients undergoing surgery for GI cancer provided general
reduction in the incidence of wound infection, pneumonia, major complications,
and mortality.44
In one study by Mullen, the patients who were the most malnourished experienced
a 33% mortality and 46% morbidity rate, while those least malnourished had a 3%
mortality rate with an 8% morbidity rate.
There is evidence that a finely tuned TPN formula can do more than just nourish
the patient with broad spectrum nutrient coverage. TPN formulas fortified with
arginine have been shown to stimulate the immune system, accelerate wound
repair, and promote tumor reduction. Modified diets with low tyrosine (2.4 mg/kg
body wt) and low phenylalanine (3.5 mg/kg body wt) were able to elevate natural
killer cell activity in 6 of 9 subjects tested.45
In 21 adults on TPN, high amino acid solution (designed for pediatric ICU) with
30% branched chain amino acids was able to provide better nitrogen balance than
the conventional 8.5% amino acid TPN formula.46
In 20 adult hospitalized patients on TPN, the mean daily needs (based on urine
and serum ascorbate levels) for vitamin C were 975 mg with the range being
350-2250 mg.47
49 patients with small cell bronchogenic carcinoma received chemotherapy with
(21 patients) or without (28 patients) TPN. Complete remission was achieved in
85% of the TPN group versus 59% of the non-TPN group.48
In an extensive study of 3,047 cancer patients through the Eastern Cooperative
Oncology Group, weight loss was an accurate predictor of poor prognosis.49
Regulate Blood Sugar to Slow Cancer Growth
There
is a long-standing well-accepted link between elevated insulin levels and risk
of cancer.50
Cancer cells demonstrate a 3 to 5 fold increase in glucose uptake compared to
healthy cells.51
Cancer thrives on glucose while also initiating gluconeogenesis and insulin
resistance.52 Lipid based parenteral solutions for cancer patients
slow cancer growth.
Modest ingestion of glucose (75 gm) caused a measurable decline in cell-mediated
immunity in 7 healthy human volunteers. Mechanism of action is probably via
elevated insulin, which competes with mitogens for binding sites on lymphocytes.53
In animal studies, progressive increase in sucrose in the diet leads to a
dose-dependent decline in antibody production.54
Healthy human volunteers ingested 100 gram portions (average US daily intake) of
simple carbohydrates from glucose, fructose, sucrose (white sugar), honey, and
orange juice. While simple sugars signficantly impaired the capacity of
neutrophils to engulf bacteria, starch ingestion did not have this effect.55
In a study comparing 50 colorectal cancer patients to healthy matched controls,
the cancer patients ate considerably more sugar and fat than the healthy people.56
An epidemiological study of 21 countries suggests that high sugar intake is a
major risk factor toward breast cancer.57
Animals were fed isocaloric diets of carbohydrates. The group eating more sugar
developed significantly more mammary tumors than the starch-fed group.58
Risks of Nutrition Therapy
In an extensive review of
the literature, Dr. Adrienne Bendich found the following data on nutrient
toxicity59:
- B-6 can be used at up to 500 mg (250 times RDA) for up to 6 years
with safety.
- Niacin (as nicotinic acid) has been recommended by the National
Institute of Health for lowering cholesterol at doses of 3000-6000 mg/day
(150-300 times RDA). Time release niacin is more suspect of causing toxicity
as liver damage.
- Vitamin C was tested in eight published studies using double blind
placebo controlled design. At 10,000 mg/day for years, vitamin C produced no
side effects.
- High doses of vitamin A (500,000 iu daily) can have acute reversible
effects. Teratogenecity is the most likely complication of high dose vitamin
A intake.
- Vitamin E intake at up to 3000 mg/day for prolonged periods has been
shown safe.
- Beta-carotene has been administered for extended periods in humans
at doses up to 180 mg (300,000 iu) with no side effects or elevated serum
vitamin A levels.
In a separate review of the literature on nutrient toxicity by John
Hathcock, PhD, a Food and Drug Administration toxicologist, the following data
was reported60:
- Vitamin A toxicity may start as low as 25,000 iu/day (5 times RDA)
in people with impaired liver function via drugs, hepatitis, or protein
malnutrition. Otherwise, toxicity for A begins at several hundred thousand
iu/day.
- Beta-carotene given at 180 mg/day (300,000 iu or 60 times RDA) for
extended periods produced no toxicity, but mild carotenemia (orange
pigmentation of skin).
- Vitamin E at 300 iu/day (10 times RDA) can trigger nausea, fatigue,
and headaches in sensitive individuals. Otherwise, few side effects are seen
at up to 3,200 iu/day.
- B-6 may induce a reversible sensory neuropathy at doses of as low as
300 mg/day in some sensitive individuals. Toxic threshold usually begins at
2000 mg for most individuals.
- Vitamin C may induce mild and transient gastro-intestinal distress
in some sensitive individuals at doses of 1000 mg (16 times RDA). Otherwise,
toxicity is very rare at even high doses of vitamin C intake.
- Zinc supplements at 300 mg (20 times RDA) have been found to impair
immune functions and serum lipid profile.
- Iron intake at 100 mg/day (6 times RDA) will cause iron storage
disease in 80% of population. The "window of efficacy" on iron is
probably more narrow than with other nutrients.
- Copper can be toxic, though dose is probably related to the ratio
with other trace minerals.
- Selenium can be toxic at 1-5 mg/kg body weight intake. This would
equate to 65 mg/day for the average adult, which is 812 times the RDA of 80
mcg. Some sensitive individuals may develop toxicity at 1000 mcg/day.
- Manganese can be toxic, though little specific information can be
provided for humans.
Adjuvant Nutrition Improves the
Effectiveness and/or Reduces the Toxicity from Medical Oncology
Vitamin
C enhanced the chemotherapeutic action of levodopa methylester and increased
survival time in B16 melanoma-bearing mice.61
Niacin supplementation in animals reduced the cardiotoxicity of the drug without
inhibiting the effectiveness of the drug.62
Low serum levels of vitamin A and E were indicative of human cancer patients who
responded poorly to chemotherapy.63
50 previously untreated cancer patients randomly received radiation therapy with
or without 5 grams/day of vitamin C supplements. After 1 month, 87% of the
vitamin C treated group showed a complete response (disappearance of all known
disease) compared to 55% of the control.64
Vitamin C and K separately showed anti-tumor activity against human cancer cells
in vitro, but became synergistically effective at 2% the regular dosage when
used together.65
Vitamin C had no effect on the anti-tumor activity of adriamycin but did prolong
the life of the animals treated with adriamycin.66
B-6 deficient mice exhibited enhanced tumor susceptibility and increased tumor
size.67
22 patients with precancerous conditions, 19 patients with malignant oral
lesions and 13 healthy controls were evaluated with respect to serum selenium
levels and response to selenium therapy (300 mcg/day). Using selenium as sole
therapy, there was a 38.8% objective response rate in treated patients.68
Human prostatic cancer cells in vitro were markedly inhibited when vitamin E was
added to the adriamycin.69
Vitamin E enhanced the growth inhibitory effect of vincristine on mouse melanoma
cells.70
Vitamin E therapy (1600 iu/day) begun 5-7 days prior to therapy prevented 69% of
adriamycin patients from experiencing baldness.71 Other studies have
not always reached the same conclusion but have not followed this protocol. It
appears important to begin vitamin E therapy at least 7 days prior to
chemotherapy.
Calcium and vitamin D improved the efficacy of thioTEPA and other anti-neoplastic
drugs against Hodgkin's disease and lung cancer.72
Selenium supplements (200 mcg/day) in 23 patients with ovarian cancer or
metastatic endometrial cancer showed less host tissue damage than the untreated
group.73
A derivative of ascorbic acid (sodium benzylideneascorbate, SBA) was given in
daily dose of 200 mg/m2 to 55 patients with inoperable carcinoma. 8 patients
achieved a complete response, 21 achieved partial response, 25 remained stable,
and 1 showed progression of disease. The activity of this medication was
increased with concurrent tamoxifen use.74
While tamoxifen is the commonly used drug to inhibit estrogen-dependent tumor
growth, vitamin C has clearly demonstrated the ability to inhibit
estrogen-dependent tumor growth in hamsters.75
Vitamin E and selenium helped reduce the lipid peroxidation-induced
cardiotoxicity from adriamycin in animal models without inhibiting effectiveness
of therapy.76
Potassium bromate can cause nephrotoxicity via renal oxidative DNA damage. In
rat model, pre and post treatment with cysteine and glutathione (amino acids)
and vitamin C protected against oxidative damage in the kidneys.77
Niacin (vitamin B-3) as nicotinamide is able to dramatically improve the
response of hypoxic radioresistant tumors in animal models. Anaerobic tumors do
not respond well to radiation therapy, while niacin seems to improve aerobic
metabolism to make solid tumors more vulnerable to radiation therapy.78
Vitamin E topically applied (400 mg per lesion, twice daily for 5 days) to oral
lesions induced by chemotherapy provided substantial relief in 6 of 9 patients
while only 1 of 9 placebo treated patients had any relief from oral mucositis.
Vitamin E seemed to best help patients taking cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Oral
mucositis is often the beginning of anorexia which deteriorates into clinical
malnutrition.79
In mouse and guinea pig models, vitamin C prolonged the life of animals treated
with adriamycin without affecting the anti-tumor activity of this drug. Vitamin
C was able to prevent the adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy as determined by
electron microscopy.80
While tamoxifen is a drug that binds up circulating estrogen, which can incite
tumor growth, studies show that wheat fiber does the same thing while also
reducing secondary bile acids and bacterial enzymes associated withcolon
cancer--without the potential carcinogenic effects of tamoxifen.81
Nutrients have a Profound Impact on the
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Many nutrients taken orally can provide pharmacological changes in immune
function in humans. Protein, arginine, glutamine, omega-6 and omega-3 fats,
iron, zinc, vitamins E, C, and A have all been proven to modulate immune
functions.82
Vitamin A deficiency causes reduced lymphocyte response to antigens and mitogens,
while beta-carotene supplements stimulate immune responses.83
There is extensive literature supporting the importance of vitamin B-6 on the
immune system. In one study, B-6 supplements (50 mg/day) provided a measurable
improvement in immune functions (T3 and T4 lymphocytes) for 11 healthy well fed
older adults.84
Various B vitamins have been linked to the proper functioning of antibody
response and cellular immunity.
Folate deficiency decreases mitogenesis.
Deficiency of vitamin C impairs phagocyte functions and cellular immunity.
Vitamin E deficiency decreases antibody response to T-dependent antigens, all of
which gets worse with the addition of a selenium deficiency. In test animals,
normal vitamin E intake was not adequate to optimize immune functions.85
Modest supplements of vitamin E have been shown to enhance the immune response.
While iron deficiency can blunt immune functions, iron excess can increase the
risk for cancer.86
Zinc exerts a major influence on the immune system. Lymphocyte function is
seriously depressed and lymphoid tissues undergo general atrophy in
zinc-deficient individuals. The lymphocytes in zinc-deficient animals quickly
lose their killing abilities (cytotoxicity) and engulfing talents (phagocytosis)
for tumor cells and bacteria. Natural killer cell and neutrophil activity is
also reduced. All of these compromised immune activities elevate the risk for
cancer.
Copper plays a key role in the production of superoxide dismutase and cytochrome
systems in the mitochondria. Hence, a deficiency of copper is manifested in a
depressed immune system, specifically reduced microbicidal activity of
granulocytes.
Selenium works in conjunction with vitamin E to shield host cells from lipid
peroxidation. Humoral immune response is depressed in selenium deficient
animals. Selenium and vitamin E deficiencies lead to increased incidence of
enteric lesions. Lymphocyte proliferation is reduced in selenium deficiency. The
theory is that selenium and vitamin E help to provide the host immune cells with
some type of "bullet proof plating" against the toxins used on foreign
cells. Hence, one immune body can live on to destroy many invaders if enough
vitamin E and selenium allow for these critical chemical shields.
In magnesium deficiency, all immunoglobulins (except IgE) are reduced, along
with the number of antibody forming cells. Magnesium is crucial for lymphocyte
growth (involvement in protein metabolism) and transformation in response to
mitogens. Prolonged magnesium deficiency in animals leads to the development of
lymphomas and leukemia.
Iodine plays an important role in the microbicidal activity of polymorphonuclear
leukocytes. Activated neutrophils may use the conversion of iodide to iodine to
generate free radicals for killing foreign invaders.
Boron is an interesting trace mineral, since it is now recognized for its role
in preventing osteoporosis, yet is still not considered an essential mineral.
Boron deficiency in chicks creates immune abnormalities like arthritis.
Toxic trace minerals, like cadmium, arsenic and lead all blunt the immune
system.
The quality and quantity of fat in the diet plays a major role in dictating the
health of the immune system. A deficiency of the essential fatty acid (linoleic
acid) will lead to atrophy of lymphoid tissue and a depressed antibody response.
And yet excess intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids will also diminish T-cell
immune responsiveness. Since fat directly affects prostaglandin pathways, and
prostaglandins (depending on the pathway) can either depress or enhance immune
function, fat intake is crucial in encouraging a healthy immune system. Oxidized
cholesterol is highly immuno-suppressive. Cholesterol is less likely to oxidize
while in the presence of anti-oxidants, like vitamin E, C, and beta-carotene.
Basically, nutrition plays a key role in the effectiveness of the immune system.
Primary assessment techniques to find the relative nutrient status of the immune
system include:
- Clinical: dietary intake, physical examination
- Anthropometric: skin fold thickness, percent body fat
- Hematologic: hemoglobin and ferritin levels
- Biochemical: serum albumin, serum transferrin, creatinine/height
index, zinc status
- Immunologic: lymphocyte count, terminal transferase activity,
T-cells
- Miscellaneous: hand grip strength, dark adaptation, taste acuity
A main goal of this nutrition program is to optimize the functioning of the
immune system via foods and nutritional supplementation (pills, powder, or TPN).
A healthy immune system is better able to join in the battle to rid the body of
tumor cells.
Therapeutic Supplements may help Cance
Patients
VITAMINS
Vitamin E.
Was used (via injections) to reverse oral tumor progress in animals with induced
tumors.89
Prevents and may even reverse tumor growth in animals with chemically induced
tumors.90
Was able to prevent expected tumors in lab animals exposed to DMBA.91
Increased the effectiveness and specific toxicity of chemotherapy agents on
tumors in culture.92
Relieves most cystic breast disease, which indicates that E can treat
pre-cancerous conditions.93
May be anti-neoplastic by virtue of its ability to protect the prostaglandin
prostacyclin.94
Protects against damage from radiation therapy.95
In combination with selenium was able to prevent expected tumors in animals
after DMBA injections.
Significantly elevated the microsomal hydroperoxidase activity.96
And selenium provided partial protection against cardiotoxicity in adriamycin
use on rabbits. Best protection was aforded by high dose vitamin E.97
Deficiency accentuated the cardiotoxicity of adriamycin in rats.98
Increased (in vitro) the therapeutic benefits of chemotherapy agents on human
prostate cancer cells.99
Directly stunted the growth of mouse melanoma cells in vitro.100
Topical application of DMSO and vitamin E produced a 68% decrease in skin
necrosis on mice given adriamycin.101
Mice with oral cancer were supplemented with injections of vitamin E,
beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and algae extract. Major improvements in tumor
necrosis factor were measured in the supplemented mice, who also experienced
varying levels of tumor regression.102
Reduced the cardiotoxic effects of daunomycin (similar to adriamycin) in test
animals.103
And vitamin K3 (menadione) enhanced the anti-metabolic activity of the
chemotherapy agents 5FU and leucovorin in vitro.104
Sensitized tumor cells, but not healthy cells, to radiation therapy for enhanced
effectiveness.105
Use in radiation therapy reduces toxic side effects.106
Patients with peripheral neuropathy (common as a side effect for certain chemo
agents) were found to be clinically low in vitamin E in the region of nerve
damage.107 Nerve numbness in cancer patients may be due to the
elevated need for vitamin E during chemotherapy.
Elevates lymphocyte proliferation in animals.108
Vitamin E, A, and prenylamine blunted the cardiotoxic effects of adriamycin in
rabbits.109
Provided measurable protection against the cardiotoxicity of adriamycin in
rabbits.110
Using 1600 iu/day of vitamin E, hair loss in cancer patients was reduced from
the typical 90% to 30% in the treated group.111
Toxicity. Human studies show no side effects from vitamin E at
levels up to 3200 mg/day (3200 iu/day).112
Vitamin K
The primary function of K is as a coagulating factor in the prothrombin cascade
in the blood. A normal diet combined with bacterial fermentation in the distal
small bowel appears to provide "adequate" levels of K to prevent
hemorrhage.113
Normal daily intake is difficult to estimate since an undetermined amount of K
is produced through bacterial fermentation. However, the National Academy of
Sciences estimates that the average American diet contains 300-500 mcg/day. 114
Vitamin K exists in 3 distinct chemical analog forms with the following
differences
K-1 (phylloquine or phytonadione, relatively non-toxic, preferred form for
non-pharmacological purposes)
K-2 (menaquinone, produced by bacterial fermentation in the gut, does not
inhibit DNA synthesis in malignant cells)
K-3 (menadione, synthetic derivation, accumulates in the liver, can be toxic, is
most effective as an anti-neoplastic agent).
Additionally, over the past thirty years, evidence has been gathering that K has
anti-neoplastic properties. 115
Common deficiencies.
K deficiency is common in patients with general malnutrition, intestinal
malabsorption, or treatment with anti-biotics.116
A profound deficiency of vitamin K was found in 34 cancer patients on
anti-microbial therapy.117
Therapeutic doses of vitamin E elevate the need for vitamin K.118
Therapeutic levels required to reverse hemorrhagic clinical vitamin K deficiency
range from 20-50 mg/day of K.
Use in cancer treatment.
When vitamin K (as Synkavite, menadione, K-3) was given to human cancer patients
IV at a 50-100 mg dosage prior to radiation therapy, 5 year survival increased
from 20% of the patients without K to 39% of the matched group given radiation
plus vitamin K. 119
Counterindications.
Vitamin K-1 (not K-3) supplements will reduce the effectiveness of
anti-coagulants at lengthening prothrombin clotting time. Vitamin K-1 (phytonadione)
at 1 mg/day does not present any hazard to patients receiving anti-coagulant
therapy.120 According to Dr. Chlebowski, vitamin K enhances the anti-metastatic
effects of anti-coagulants.
Vitamin C.
In animals with implanted Ehrlich carcinoma and L1210 leukemia, injections of
vitamin B-12 (hydroxocobalamin) and vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid) provided
dramatic improvements in survival of the animals. By day 19, all 20 of the
control animals were dead, while 50% of the treated mice survived 60 days or
more. This nutrient combination has a precedence for limiting tumor growth
without affecting the host.121
Potentiates the value while reducing the toxicity of chemotherapy in animal
studies.122
Potentiates the value of radiation therapy.123
Using chemotherapy in conjunction with nutritional therapy, supplemental levels
of vitamins A (Aquasol A 400,000 iu/day), C (8 gm/day), and E (3200 iu/day) were
provided to 20 cancer patients over the course of 12 months with 7 (35%)
experiencing complete remission, 8 (40%) partial remission, and 5 (25%) failed.
Only one patient experienced any symptoms attributed to the mega-vitamin
therapy.124
Mice with induced liver cancer were then pre-treated with vitamins C and K3 (menadione)
before using various chemotherapy drugs. The nutrients provided considerable
protection while enhancing the effectiveness of the treatment.125
Postulated mechanisms include the attack on catalase-deficient cancer cells by
the combination of vitamin C and K3.
Vitamin C, thiamin, and cysteine provided nearly complete protection against
free radical acetylaldehyde destruction in animals.126
Vitamin C (10 gram/day) provided life extension and improvement of quality of
life in 100 terminal cancer patients.127 Other studies have not had
such promising results. Possible explanations for the discrepancy may be that
the other studies used patients who had been heavily pre-treated with chemo and
radiation therapy and considered unresponsive and terminal.
Vitamin C and E provide measurable protection against the carcinogen PCB in
various animals.128
2-3 grams daily of ascorbate provided stimulation of lymphocyte transformation
to certain mitogens.129
After 9-12 months on 3 grams daily of vitamin C supplements, rectal polyps were
reduced in the treated group by 74% compared to the untreated group reduction of
31%.130
Ascorbic acid supplements in cancer patients provided improvements in minor
symptoms, pain control, and quality of life.131
Vitamin C supplements provided protection against the cytotoxic effects of
methotrexate in mice.132
Toxicity. Most patients can tolerate 10-20 grams orally. Other
patients will experience mild intestinal distress at these levels. Up to 100
grams has been used in TPN formulas.
Bioflavonoids
Quercetin increased the cell kill rate in cancer cells (in vitro) exposed to
hyperthermia (heat therapy) with no effect on normal healthy cells.133
Quercetin inhibited cancer in animals exposed to two carcinogens.134
Quercetin caused inhibition of growth (in vivo) in two squamous cell carcinoma
lines.135
Several bioflavonoids (including quercetin) were able to inhibit DNA binding
from benzopyrenes. 136
Vitamin A
Of 102 people who had bladder cancer, the incidence of recurring tumors was 1.8
times higher in those who consumed the lower amounts of vitamin A.137
Nine male patients with metastatic unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the
lung were treated with vitamin A palmitate or 13 cis-retinoic acid (analog of
vitamin A) without other medical intervention. 60 weeks later, immune function
had improved and progress against the tumor had been made.138
Vitamin A in combination with BCG suppressed tumor growth in the lung tumors of
animals. Vitamin A alone did not affect tumor growth, but only in conjunction
with BCG.139
Vitamin A prevented impaired wound healing in post-operative and irradiated
rats. Vitamin A provided continuous high level of immune competence throughout
the normal immunosuppressive phase.140
Vitamin A supplements provided complete or partial remission in patients with
benign breast disease.141
Toxicity. 300,000 iu/day of retinol palmitate (preformed vitamin
A) administered to 138 lung cancer patients for at least 12 months produced
occasional dry skin, but no significant side effects.142 Toxicity may
begin at levels of 500,000 iu/day (100 times the RDA) long term intake for
adults, and proportionately less in children.143 Toxicity usually
involves consumption of 200,000 iu/day for many days, though individuals with
compromised immune function may develop toxicity at 25,000 iu.144
Toxicity of A can be reduced by higher intake of vitamin E to mitigate lipid
peroxide effects.
Beta carotene
2500 iu of beta-carotene = 250 retinol equivalents =1.5 mg. Beta-carotene has
been shown to protect phagocytic cells from auto-oxidative damage, enhance T and
B lymphocyte proliferation, enhance macrophages, interleukin production, and
natural killer cell tumoricidal abilities.145
Beta-carotene probably has effectiveness against cancer as a chain-breaking
anti-oxidant.146
Vitamin A intake protected workers who were smokers and/or exposed to toxic
chemicals against lung cancer. Beta-carotene provided a more protective edge
than animal sources of vitamin A.147
Using combined supplements of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin, Italian
researchers found that cancer patients who had undergone surgery with radiation
therapy had a much higher than anticipated survival rate and level of health.
A review of the literature on vitamin A and beta-carotene shows that
beta-carotene has anti-oxidant and immune stimulating properties that are not
found in vitamin A. Perhaps these are two distinct nutrients.148
Beta-carotene has been shown to protect animals against ultra-violet induced
skin tumors and carcinogen treatment by preventing malignant transformation and
nuclear damage.149
Beta-carotene and algae extracts injected into DMBA-provoked tumors in hamsters
caused regression of the tumors.150
Toxicity. Toxicity of beta-carotene has never been found, since it
is not mutagenic, carcinogenic, embryotoxic, or teratogenic and does not cause
hypervitaminosis A.151
15 mg daily of oral supplements of beta-carotene (25,000 iu.) provided a 10 fold
increase in serum beta-carotene without any skin discoloration.152
People have consumed 300,000 iu (180 mg) of beta-carotene daily for 15 years
with no adverse side effects. In the few beta-carotene reactions, it is always
with excess consumption of food components (like carrot juice), which makes
other food components and not the beta-carotene suspect in these mild toxicity
reactions. Pure beta-carotene supplements have never produced toxicity in any
human studies.
B-6 (pyridoxine)
While earlier findings indicated that a B-6 deficiency would slow down tumor
growth153 and increase survival in animals with cancer154,
more recent findings indicate the opposite. Animals fortified with B-6 and then
injected with melanoma cells showed a greater resistance to this deadly form of
cancer.155
B-6 inhibited melanoma cells in vivo.156
Vitamin B-6 displays important immune modulating activity of the immune system.157
Vitamin B-6 at 25 mg/day for 33 bladder cancer patients provided marked
improvement in cancer recurrence over the control group.158
Vitamin B-6 kills hepatoma cells (in vitro).159
Administered as an ointment on a human melanoma patient four times daily for a
two week period resulted in disappearance of the cutaneous papules.160
High dose supplements (300 mg/day) provided considerable relief from the
toxicity of radiation therapy.161
Pyridoxine deficiency produces increased tumor resistance.162
Newly diagnosed children with leukemia have suboptimal overall nutrition as well
as suboptimal vitamin B-6 status.163
B-6 inhibits the growth of human malignant melanoma cell line.164
B-6 significantly inhibited melanoma cells lines (in vitro) and may be an
effective anti-neoplastic agent.165
B-6 (300 mg/day) administered throughout the 8 week radiation therapy course for
human endometrial cancer patients improved survival by 15% at 5 years.166
Toxicity. Less than 500 mg/day in humans appears to be safe.167
300 mg/day provide maximal protection against radiation therapy.
MINERALS
Selenium.
High dose supplementation (equivalent to 54 mg/day in humans) resulted in 83-90%
reduction in the rate of tumor growth in mice.168
In mice fed either a high or low PUFA fat diet, selenium provoked a drop in
tumor incidence in both groups. Selenium apparently exerts a cancer-protective
role beyond its antioxidant function in lipid metabolism.169
Enhanced drug detoxification pathways (conjugative, not by P450) in animals.170
Reduces the toxicity of paraquat (an herbicide).171
In animal studies could (a) inhibit both the initiation and promotion phases of
cancer, (b) continuous intake of selenium was necessary to achieve maximum
protection, (c) inhibit the re-appearance of tumors after surgery.172
Provided fewer DNA strand breaks and greater repair of broken DNA than
unsupplemented or less supplemented hamsters.173
Administration of sodium selenite (equivalent to 120 mg for an adult) inhibited
the growth of leukemia cells and increased the longevity of test mice.174
Mega-doses effectively limited tumor growth in mice with Ehrlich ascites tumors.
Although high dose selenium supplementation did not affect the growth of healthy
normal animals, it did have a definite retarding effect on rapidly dividing
cells.175 Selenium may be an important anti-proliferative factor to
squelch rapidly dividing tumor cells.
Provided considerable protection against the toxic effects of cis-platinum,
allowing the lethal dose to kill half the animals (LD50) to increase from 9.3 to
17.5 mg/kg, thus allowing higher and more effective doses of chemotherapeutic
agents.176
In mice provided measurable improvements in natural killer cytotoxicity in
spleen cells (70% improvement over unsupplemented mice), specific T-lymphocyte
cytotoxicity, and other immune parameters that could be therapeutic against
cancer.177
Toxicity. The National Academy of Sciences indicates that
long-term daily intake of 5000 micrograms of selenium may result in fingernail
changes and hair loss. Extrapolated from animal studies, 7 mg (7000 mcg) in
humans may halt tumor progression. Selenite is more toxic than selenium bound to
amino acids (i.e. selenomethionine). Ingestion of 1-5 mg/kg body weight of
selenite will likely produce toxic side effects (65,000 mcg in the 65 kg adult).
FATTY ACIDS
EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid).
A diet high in menhaden oil (20% of kcal) promoted major increases in cytochrome
P450 in test animals.178
For one week pre-operative and 4 weeks after tumor implantation, varying levels
of EPA and DHA from fish oil induced significant reduction in the weight and
volume of the implanted mammary tumors in test animals.179
EPA slowed tumor growth in mice with inoculated human colon cancer.180
EPA slowed tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice with transplanted human
metastatic breast cancer.181
EPA in conjunction with anti-human milk fat globule monoclonal antibodies
offered the greatest reduction in tumor size (36% below corn oil or lard diets)
in mice innoculated with human breast tumors.182
EPA diet significantly lowered the level of estradiol (a putative breast tumor
marker) in 25 women at risk for breast cancer.183
EPA has protective effects against the development and/or progression of various
animal tumor models studied.184
EPA produced a significant decrease in the development of both the size and
number of preneoplastic lesions in animals in induced tumors.185
EPA reduced the size and number of tumors while increasing the tumor latent
period in rats fed various types of fat in the diet, then exposed to
carcinogens.186
EPA-fed rats had significant reduction in the growth of induced tumors.187
EPA-fed mice had significant slowing of tumor growth.188
EPA slowed tumor growth in transplanted mammary tumors in rats.189
EPA inhibited the development of tumors in athymic mice inoculated with human
breast cancer. EPA also had a synergistic effect with Iodine 131 labeled
monoclonal antibodies in reducing tumorogenesis.190
EPA rich diet significantly depressed growth rate of human breast tumors
transplanted into animals. Tumors in EPA-fed animals are more responsive to
chemotherapy agents (mitomycin C, doxorubicin).191
EPA reduced tumor growth in transplanted human colon cancer into mice.192
EPA-fed animals had fewer and smaller lesions after induced cancer.193
EPA slowed tumor growth in animals even when administered several months after
tumor induction.194
EPA reduced the weight and volume of tumors in transplanted human prostatic
cancer to animals.195
EPA retarded the development of human prostatic cancer that was inoculated in
animals.196
EPA reduced both the frequency and rate of metastasis of transplanted tumors in
animals.197
EPA improves the response of tumor cells to hyperthermia and chemotherapeutic
agents by altering the properties of the tumor cell membrane.198
EPA increases the adriamycin kill rate on cultured human leukemia cells.199
EPA substantially reduced the invasiveness of cultured human tumor cells (both
malignant murine melanoma and fibrosarcoma).200
EPA and GLA separately were able to selectively kill cultured human tumor cells.201
EPA and GLA enhanced the tumoricidal effects of anticancer agents in vitro.202
EPA and GLA were selectively toxic to human breast, lung, and prostate cancer
cells in vitro. The fatty acids also enhanced the cytotoxic activity of
cytotoxic drugs on tumor cells.203
EPA and GLA suppressed the growth of cultured human larynx cancer cells.204
DHA (accompanying fatty acid with EPA in fish oil) was able to partially reverse
adriamycin-resistant small cell lung carcinoma cells in vitro.205
EPA modulates estrogen metabolism for reduced risk in breast cancer.206
EPA rich diet can slow tumor growth through modulation of both tumor protein
synthesis and breakdown.207
EPA may have a beneficial role as adjunctive anti-neoplastic therapy in breast
cancer.208
EPA provided higher survival (7 of 11 versus 2 of 11 in control group) of guinea
pigs injected with endotoxin209.
EPA provided higher survival (87% versus 63% in control group) for guinea pigs
injected with endotoxin.210
EPA provided higher survival (83% versus 50% in control group) for guinea pigs
injected with endotoxin.211
How Does the EPA Slow Tumor Growth?
Proposed Mechanisms
Altering
membrane fluidity in healthy and/or tumor cells to change the basic cellular
metabolism.
By altering membrane fluidity, can change the response of tumor cells to growth
factors, hormones, antibodies.
Alters prostaglandin output, with more anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregatory
eicosanoids.
Perhaps by prostaglandin metabolism, reduces the "stickiness"
(aggregation) of cancer cells, to retard their metastatic abilities. Amount of
EPA necessary for the average adult to have measurable reduction in cell
aggregation (stickiness): 2-4 gm/day. Gorlin, R., Archives of Internal Medicine,
vol.148, p.2043, Sept.1988
Stimulates the immume system.
Alters bile acid metabolism (may be important in colon cancer).
May be directly toxic to tumor cells, which have altered capacity to use any
type of fats. Without proper use of fat soluble antioxidants, tumor cells may
find the highly unsaturated fatty acids of EPA to be like an internal "hand
grenade".
Attenuates shock from lactic acidosis in endotoxin-exposed animals. May buffer
the impact of cytotoxic drugs on human cancer patients.
Alters hormonal balance for estrogen and testosterone dependent tumors.
Counterindications for the use of EPA
Can
induce vitamin E deficiency, unless supplements of E are added. Suggested
dosage: 400 iu vitamin E per every 2500 mg EPA.
Reduces platelet aggregation and slows normal blood clotting. High dose
counterindicated for patients anticipating surgery.
Yetiv, JZ, Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.260, p.665, Aug.5,
1988
Toxicity A one gram capsule of fish oil usually provides 240-600
mg of EPA. Intake of 6000 mg of EPA may inhibit blood clotting, hence may be
counterindicated in patients due for surgery. A minimum of 1000 mg daily of EPA
must be consumed to expect any beneficial effects. EPA to GLA in a ratio of 5:1
may encourage the production of prostaglandin PGE-1 for immune stimulating
effects.
GLA (gamma linolenic acid)
Combined intake with vitamin C was able to double the mean survival time for
patients with primary hepatic carcinoma.212
Provided subjective and objective improvements in 21 patients with untreatable
malignancies.213
GLA plus iron supplements dramatically increased the tumor cell kill rate with
in vitro studies on human cancers, opening the possibility to a relatively safe
and selectively toxic cancer regimen.214
Varying combinations of GLA and EPA were able to provide a high cancer cell kill
rate in vitro.215
Toxicity. A one gram capsule of evening primrose oil provides
about 200 mg of GLA. Intake of 600 to 3000 mg of GLA may bring about favorable
results in the cancer patient.
AMINO ACIDS
Arginine.
Animals fed arginine rich diets (5%) had considerably fewer and more benign
tumors when later treated with the carcinogen DMBA.216
Arginine added to drinking water in animals was able to inhibit subcutaneous
tumor growth.217
Arginine added to diet of mice (5% of wt.) produced fewer tumors, slower growing
tumors, and twice the mean survival time as compared to untreated mice.218
Via animal studies, researchers have speculated on two primary functions of
arginine in the body: essential for the synthesis of reparative collagen in
wound recovery, decreases some of the negative aspects of metabolic responses to
injury.219
Arginine supplements in animals stimulated thymus activity which resulted in
reduced tumor growth.220 Arginine also dramatically improves wound
healing.
Arginine stimulates lymphocyte immune response in 21 healthy human volunteers.221
Arginine supplements in tumor-bearing mice provided enhanced T-cell function,
increased response to autologous tumors, retarded tumor growth, and prolonged
median survival time.222
In mice with neuroblastomas, arginine supplements provided significant tumor
retardation in the immunogenic group.223 Arginine's tumoricidal
abilities go beyond its protein sparing abilities or immune stimulation.
Arginine supplements in mice provided significant enhancement of cytotoxic
T-lymphocytes, natural killer cell activity, interleukin-2 receptors and general
immune improvements.224
Toxicity. At therapeutic levels (above 5 grams/day) may activate
growth of certain viruses.
n Branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine)
Accelerates protein synthesis and elevates albumin synthesis from 8.5% to 19.7%
when used in TPN formula in 10 malnourished cancer patients.225
Cysteine (N-acetylcysteine)
Cysteine enters into various detoxification systems in the body. Can be
converted to glutathione, which may become GSH, a potent broad spectrum
anti-oxidant enzyme system. May reduce the toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents.
N-acetylcysteine neutralizes a toxic by-product (acrolein) of cyclophosphamide
therapy, hence preventing harm while allowing the effectiveness.226
N-acetylcysteine may neutralize the effectiveness of adriamycin while preventing
the cardiotoxicity effects.227
N-acetylcysteine reduced the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin in dogs.228
N-acetylcysteine blocked the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin but did not affect
the uptake or metabolism of the drug in the heart or liver.229
Acetylcysteine prevented the hemorrhagic cystitis that usually appears from
ifosfamide administration.230
Topical application of N-acetylcysteine ointment may reduce toxic side effects
(skin reactions, hair loss, damage to mucus membranes of the eyes) from
radiation therapy.231
Cysteine supplements promoted glutathione synthesis, which resulted in
protection from the toxic effects of acetaminophen in mice.232
Toxicity. Although safe in dosages up to 10 grams/day, the
nauseating taste and smell can cause vomiting. Normal dosage is 2-3 grams every
6 hours.
Methionine.
Methionine supplements reduced the uptake of mercury in test animals.233
This may help reduce the amount of toxins (chemotherapy) stored in healthy
tissue.
OTHER NUTRIENT FACTORS
Green tea.
Tea catechins (tannins) are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation in rabbit
platelets.234
Green tea is a more potent scavenger of free radicals than vitamin C or E.235
Green tea contains potent anti-carcinogenic agents.236
Green tea was able to inhibit tumor initiation and promotion in animals.237
Maitake mushroom
Oral administration of maitake mushroom extract (Grifola frondosa) completely
inhibited tumor growth in animals.238
Intraperitoneal injections of Maitake in tumor-induced animals showed an
increase in cytostatic activity toward syngeneic tumor cells.239
Maitake supplements potentiated host-mediated antitumor activity in mice.240
Intraperitoneal injections of Maitake extract into tumor-induced animals showed
marked inhibitory activity on the growth of solid form sarcoma.241
n Plant phytosterols
Phytosterols in plants reduce the risk for colon cancer through a variety of
factors.242
Plant carotenoids
A plant dormancy hormone and vitamin A analog (abscisic acid) showed profound
anti-tumor activity in rats.243
Cartilage anti-angiogenesis factor
Inhibits tumor growth by preventing the tumor from developing an expanded
circulatory network.244
Angiogenesis may be a key marker of tumor progression in 30 patients with
malignancies and 19 without.245
There is an induction of angiogenesis during the transition from hyperplasia to
neoplasia.246
A cartilage extract (Catrix) was able to markedly inhibit human tumor cell line
growth from 22 different patients with malignancies.247
Extract of shark cartilage inhibited tumor growth in vivo.248
Infusion of cartilage extract markedly reduced tumor growth in animals.249
An isolated fraction of cartilage inhibited tumor neovascularization.250
Inhibition of vascularization via a factor in cartilage slows tumor growth.251
Cartilage extract inhibits neo-vascularization (growth of new blood vessels).252
Catrix (preparation of bovine tracheal cartilage rings) was able to provide
improvement in 90% of patients and complete remission in 61% of 31 cancer
patients given first injections and then oral supplements (eight 375 mg caps
every 8 hrs). There was no evidence of toxicity.253
An extract of shark cartilage was used to prevent tumor growth in implanted
cornea tumors in rabbits.254 It could be that the extremely low
incidence of tumors in sharks is due to the high presence of this cartilage
anti-angiogenesis factor.
Calf scapular cartilage inhibited and reversed tumor growth for implanted tumors
in rabbits and mice. No toxic effects were observed.255
Toxicity. No toxicity observed.
Glutamine.
May protect against enteritis resultant from radiation therapy.256
Alkylglycerols.
Highest sources are mother's milk, human bone marrow, and shark oil. Shown to
enhance the regression of uterine cancer when administered prior to radiation
therapy.257
Use of alkylglycerols prior to, during, and after radiation therapy reduced
injuries by as much as two thirds.258
Coenzyme Q.
Reduces adverse side effects of chemotherapy with adriamycin, including cardiac
output, anginal symptoms, and EKG abnormalities. Hair loss was also reduced.259
Cesium.
Neither an essential nor toxic mineral, cesium therapy is able to slightly alter
the pH of the cancer cells to make them more vulnerable to immune attack.260
Maharishi-4 (an herbal preparation, ayurvedic food supplement)
Mice who were treated with M-4, then exposed to DMBA had reduced incidence and
multiplicity of tumors. Those M-4 treated mice who did get cancer showed tumor
regression in 60% of cases within 4 weeks.261
Nucleic acids (RNA/DNA)
In protein depletion, RNA supplements may be mandatory in order to return immune
functions to normal.262
ASSESSMENT
Fatty acids: serum fatty acid profile (both volumetric and germane
ratios) are accurate indicators of metastatic progress.263 This test
provides guidance for adjusting dietary fat intake, test available from Center
for Human Functioning (316-682-3100) or Metametrix (800-221-4640).
Allergies: An overloaded immune system is compromised in its ability to
destroy tumor cells. The debate continues on which is the best allergy test.
ELISA/ACT measures immune delayed type hypersensitivity (Serammune
800-553-5472); Elisa measures IgE and IgG levels (Immuno Labs 800-231-9197).
Immune capability. Natural Killer cells are generally recognized as the
most predictive aspect of the tumor killing capacity of the human immune system.
Send blood sample to ImmunoSciences Lab (800-950-4686)
General diagnostics. Various tests at International Diagnostics
(800-622-2343) or Metametrix
Vitamins (functional assay of enzymatic activity): by Metametrix
(800-221-4640), or Pantox (619-272-3885), or Doctor's Data (800-323-2784)
C-strip: litmus paper dipped in fresh urine to indicate ascorbic acid
content of blood (at or near saturation level) from Seraphim (800-525-7372)
Minerals: Provocative assay via chelating agent inducing urinary
excretion. Volumetric and germane ratio recorded from Doctor's Data
(800-323-2784)
Venous pH: Mild variations from normal indicate need for balancing using
acid or alkaline diet.
Percent body fat by Futrex (800-545-1950) indicates serious long term
lean tissue wasting or obesity that may accelerate tumor growth
Indirect calorimetry (INDC): Measures oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide
exhaled to determine exact metabolic needs for calories. Essential test in
cachectic TPN patients. Also called Metabolic Cart
Skin patch anergy test: indicates overall responsiveness of immune system
Oxidative stress: breath pentane as measured on gas chromatograph helps
guide the balance between pro-oxidants (chemo & radiation) and anti-oxidants
(nutrients)
Questionnaire: Quality of life indicators which help to track overall
response from therapy.
Computer diet analysis: Helps educate patient on errant dietary habits by
comparing patient's dietary intake with accepted standards of nutrient intake.
Digestion: Heidelberg capsule which is swallowed, then transmits the pH
of the stomach and intestines to a nearby receiver (Heidelberg 404-449-4888)
Digestion, absorption, intestinal parasites: Send stool sample to
appropriate labs.
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Molybdenum for breast cancer:
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Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 1987 May;9(3):204-7 |
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[Effect of molybdenum and tungsten on mammary
carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats]
[Article in Chinese]
Wei HJ, Luo XM, Yang XP.
Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing.
Virgin female rats of SD strain were given ad libitum a nutritionally
adequate semipurified diet containing 0.026 ppm molybdenum and deionized
water (groups 1-3) or the same diet with 150 ppm tungsten and the drinking
water (group 4). Group 1 was used as control. After 15 days, all the animals
in groups 2-4 received an intravenous injection of N-nitroso-N-methylurea
(NMU) 5 mg/100 g body weight. One week after administration of carcinogen,
10 ppm Mo was added to the drinking water in group 3. After 125 days, the
mammary cancer incidence in group 4 (79.2%) was significantly higher than
that in group 2 (50.0%) or group 3 (45.5%) (P less than 0.05). After 198
days, the average number of mammary cancer in each animal and mammary cancer
incidence in group 3 (1.5 and 50.0%) were obviously lower than those in
group 2 (2.0 and 90.5%) or group 4 (2.6 and 95.7%). The first palpable
mammary tumor was found in the W-supplemented group only 56 days after the
injection of NMU, whereas in the W-unsupplemented and Mo-supplemented
groups, the first mammary tumor was observed 71 and 85 days after NMU
treatment. Of these 181 mammary tumors, 177 (97.8%) were adenocarcinoma or
papillary carcinoma, only 4 (2.2%) fibroadenocarcinoma. The results of this
study show, for the first time, the inhibitory effect of Mo on the mammary
carcinogenesis and promoting effect of Tungsten, an antagonist of
molybdenum, on the tumor growth.
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